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Username Please enter your Username. Password Please enter your Password. Forgot password? Don't have an account? Sign in via your Institution. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Sign in with your library card Please enter your library card number. Kennedy — Earl Warren — American judge. They ran to the door in time to see a man with a revolver cut across their lawn and disappear around a corner of the house onto Patton.
Later in the day each woman found an empty shell on the ground near the house. These two shells were delivered to the police. She was not sure whether she had seen his picture in a newspaper on the afternoon or evening of November 22 prior to the lineup. When they made him turn sideways, I was positive that was the one I seen. Each testified that she was the first to make the identification. He looked west on 10th and saw a man running to the west and a policeman falling to the ground.
Smith failed to make himself known to the police on November Several days later he reported what he had seen and was questioned by FBI Page agents. In the picture the hair was brown. They heard the sound of shots to the north of their lot.
Both ran to the sidewalk on the east side of Patton at a point about a half a block south of 10th. They saw a man coming south on Patton with a revolver held high in his right hand. According to Callaway, the man crossed to the west side of Patton. Callaway picked up the gun. Early in the evening of November 22, Guinyard and Callaway viewed the same lineup of four men from which Mrs.
Markham had earlier made her identification of Lee Harvey Oswald. Both men picked Oswald as the man who had run south on Patton with a gun in his hand. I stepped to the back of the room, so I could kind of see him from the same distance which I had seen him before. And when he came out I knew him. I pointed him out right there. As Oswald ran south on Patton Avenue toward Jefferson Boulevard he was moving in the direction of a used-car lot located on the southeast corner of this intersection.
Lewis were on the lot at the time, and they saw a white male with a revolver in his hands running south on Patton. When the man reached Jefferson, he turned right and headed west.
Reynolds and Patterson decided to follow him. When he reached a gasoline service station one block away he turned north and walked toward a parking area in the rear of the station.
Neither Reynolds nor Patterson saw the man after he turned off Jefferson at the service station. Russell and Patterson were shown a picture of Oswald and they stated that Oswald was the man they saw on November 22, Russell confirmed this statement in a sworn affidavit for the Commission.
He was then shown two photographs of Oswald and he advised that Oswald was "unquestionably" the man he saw. Lewis said in an interview that because of the distance from which he observed the gunman he would hesitate to state whether the man was identical with Oswald.
Two of the arresting officers placed their initials on the weapon and a third inscribed his name. All three identified Exhibit No. Cortlandt Cunningham, of the Firearms Identification Unit of the FBI Laboratory, testified that he compared the four empty cartridge cases found near the scene of the shooting with a test cartridge fired from the weapon in Oswald's possession when he was arrested. Cunningham declared that this weapon fired the four cartridges to the exclusion of all other weapons.
Identification was effected through breech face marks and firing pin marks. Frazier and Charles Killion, other FBI firearms experts, independently examined the four cartridge cases and arrived at the same conclusion as Cunningham. He concluded that all of these cartridges were fired from the same weapon. This caused the bullets to have an erratic passage through the barrel and impressed upon the lead of the bullets inconsistent individual characteristics which made identification impossible.
Consecutive bullets fired from the revolver by the FBI experts could not be identified as having been fired from that revolver. Cunningham testified that all of the bullets were mutilated, one being useless for comparison purposes. All four bullets were fired from a weapon with five lands and grooves and a right twist which were the rifling characteristics of the revolver taken from Oswald.
He concluded, however, that he could not say whether the four bullets were fired from the revolver in Oswald's possession. He declared that this bullet was fired from the same weapon that fired the test bullets to the exclusion of all other weapons. But he agreed that because the other three bullets were mutilated, he could not determine if they had been fired from the same weapon as the test bullets. Three of the bullets recovered from Tippit's body were manufactured by Winchester-Western, and the fourth bullet by Remington-Peters, but only two of the four discarded cartridge cases found on the lawn at 10th Street and Patton Avenue were of Winchester-Western manufacture.
And though only one bullet of Remington-Peters manufacture was recovered, two empty cartridge cases of that make were retrieved.
Therefore, either one bullet of Remington-Peters manufacture is missing or one used Remington-Peters cartridge case, which may have been in the revolver before the shooting, was discarded along with the others as Oswald left the scene. If a bullet is missing, five were fired. This corresponds with the observation and memory of Ted Callaway, and possibly Warren Reynolds, but not with the other eyewitnesses who claim to have heard from two to four shots.
Page of this type of revolver. Among these guns was a. Ten dollars in cash was enclosed. The order was signed in ink by "A. Hidell, aged Also on the order form was an order, written in ink, for one box of ammunition and one holster, but a line was drawn through these items.
The mail-order form had a line for the name of a witness to attest that the person ordering the gun was a U. The name written in this space was D. The invoice was prepared on March 13, ; the revolver was actually shipped on March 20 by Railway Express.
The signature of the witness, D. Drittal, who attested that the fictitious Hidell was an American citizen and had not been convicted of a felony, was also in Oswald's handwriting. Police found an empty revolver holster when they searched Oswald's room on Beckley Avenue after his arrest.
At p. Markham and Mrs. Barbara Jeanette Davis. Markham told Poe that the man was a "white male, about 25, about five feet eight, brown hair, medium," and wearing a "white jacket. Davis gave Poe the same general description: a "white male in his early twenties, around five foot seven inches or eight inches, about pounds," and wearing a white jacket.
As has been discussed previously, two witnesses, Warren Reynolds and B. Patterson, saw the gunman run toward the rear of a gasoline service station on Jefferson Boulevard. Mary Brock, the wife of a mechanic who worked at the station, was there at the time and she saw a white male, 5 feet, 10 inches She last saw him in the parking lot directly behind the service station. When interviewed by FBI agents on January 21, , she identified a picture of Oswald as being the same person she saw on November She confirmed this interview by a sworn affidavit.
Westbrook and several other officers concentrated their search along Jefferson Boulevard. Marina Oswald stated that her husband owned only two jackets, one blue and the other gray. Earlene Roberts, the housekeeper at Oswald's roominghouse and the last person known to have seen him before he reached 10th Street and Patton Avenue, said that she may have seen the gray zipper jacket but Page she was not certain.
It seemed to her that the jacket Oswald wore was darker than Commission Exhibit No. Markham and Barbara Davis thought that the jacket worn by the slayer of Tippit was darker than the jacket found by Westbrook.
These facts warrant the finding that Lee Harvey Oswald disposed of his jacket as he fled from the scene of the Tippit killing. Return to Top Conclusion The foregoing evidence establishes that 1 two eyewitnesses who heard the shots and saw the shooting of Dallas Police Patrolman J.
Tippit and seven eyewitnesses who saw the flight of the gunman with revolver in hand positively identified Lee Harvey Oswald as the man they saw fire the shots or flee from the scene, 2 the cartridge cases found near the scene of the shooting were fired from the revolver in the possession of Oswald at the time of his arrest, to the exclusion of all other weapons, 3 the revolver in Oswald's possession at the time of his arrest was purchased by and belonged to Oswald, and 4 Oswald's jacket was found along the path of flight taken by the gunman as he fled from the scene of the killing.
Shortly after the Tippit murder, police sirens sounded along Jefferson Boulevard. Brewer knew from radio broadcasts that the President had been shot and that a patrolman had also been shot in Oak Cliff.
His hair was sort of messed up and looked like he had been running, and he looked scared, and he looked funny. Julia Postal, selling tickets at the box office of the Texas Theatre, heard police sirens and then saw a man as he "ducked into" the outer lobby space of the theatre near the ticket office. Postal stepped out of the box office and walked to the curb.
Postal whether the fellow that had ducked in had bought a ticket. Postal that he had seen the man ducking into his place of business and that he had followed him to the theatre. McDonald, with Patrolmen R. Hawkins, T. Hutson, and C.
Walker, entered the theatre from the rear. Bentley rushed to the balcony and told the projectionist to turn up the house lights. He was sitting alone in the rear of the main floor of the theatre near the right center aisle. Carroll, who was standing beside McDonald, seized the gum from him. Walthers recalled such a remark but he did not reach the scene of the struggle until Oswald had been knocked to the floor by McDonald and the others. Two patrons of the theatre and John Brewer testified regarding the arrest of Oswald, as did the various police officers who participated in the fight.
George Jefferson Applin, Jr. Nor did Oswald ever complain that he was hit with a gun, or injured in the back. Deputy Sheriff Walthers brought a shotgun into the theatre but laid it on some seats before helping subdue Oswald.
While the police radio had noted the similarity in description of the two suspects, the arresting officers were pursuing Oswald for the murder of Tippit.
Gerald L. Hill, who had driven from the theatre with Oswald. When Hill asked why Oswald was wanted, Fritz replied, "Well, he was employed down at the Book Depository and he had not been present for a roll call of the employees. Throughout this interrogation he denied that he had anything to do either with the assassination of President Kennedy or the murder of Patrolman Tippit.
Captain Fritz of the homicide and robbery bureau did most of the questioning, but he kept no notes and there were no stenographic or tape recordings. Representatives of other law enforcement agencies were also present, including the FBI and the U. Secret Service. They occasionally participated in the questioning. The reports prepared by those present at these interviews are set forth in appendix XI.
A full discussion of Oswald's detention and interrogation is presented in chapter V of this report. During the evening of November 22, the Dallas Police Department performed paraffin tests on Oswald's hands and right cheek in an apparent effort to determine, by means of a scientific test, whether Oswald had recently fired a weapon.
The results were positive for the hands and negative for the right cheek. See app.. X, pp. Oswald provided little information during his questioning. Frequently, however, he was confronted with evidence which he could not explain, and he resorted to statements which are known to be lies. Since independent evidence revealed that Oswald repeatedly and blatantly lied to the police, the Commission gave little weight to his denials of guilt.
Denial of Rifle Ownership From the outset, Oswald denied owning a rifle. On November 23, Fritz confronted Oswald with the evidence that he had purchased a rifle under the fictitious name of "Hidell. Oswald denied that he had a rifle wrapped up in a blanket in the Paine garage.
Oswald also denied owning a rifle and said that since leaving the Marine Corps he had fired only a small bore 22 rifle. Moore, R.
Stovall, and G. Rose obtained a search warrant and examined Oswald's effects in the Paine garage. They discovered two photographs, each showing Oswald with a rifle and a pistol. According to Fritz, Oswald sneered, saying that they were fake photographs, that he had been photographed a number of times the day before by the police, that they had superimposed upon the photographs a rifle and a revolver.
Fritz told him that the two small photographs were found in the Paine garage. At that point. Her testimony was fully supported by a photography expert who testified that in his opinion the pictures were not composites. When Captain Fritz asked him why he carried the revolver, he answered, "Well, you know about a pistol. I just carried it. Lee" The arresting officers found a forged selective service card with a picture of Oswald and the name "Alek J.
Hidell" in Oswald's billfold. Captain Fritz produced the selective service card bearing the name "Alek J. He also denied that he had received the rifle through this box. Page Hidell was listed on post office box , New Orleans, as one entitled to receive mail. Oswald replied, "I don't know anything about that. Lee, Oswald responded that the landlady simply made a mistake, because he told her that his name was Lee, meaning his first name.
When asked about the curtain rod story, Oswald lied again. He denied that he had ever told Frazier that he wanted a ride to Irving to get curtain rods for an apartment. Randle had seen him carrying a long heavy package, Oswald replied, "Well, they was mistaken.
That must have been some other time he picked me up. Oswald told him that he ate lunch in the first-floor lunchroom and then went to the second floor for a Coke which he brought downstairs. He acknowledged the encounter with the police officer on the second floor. Oswald told Fritz that after lunch he went outside, talked with Foreman Bill Shelley for 5 or 10 minutes and then left for home.
He said that he left work because Bill Shelley said that there would be no more work done that day in the building. He stated that at the time the President was shot he was having lunch with "Junior" but he did not give Junior's last name. Jarman testified that he ate his lunch on the first floor around 5 minutes to 12, and that he neither ate lunch with nor saw Oswald. Then he said, "Oh, I see," and that was all.
Walker At approximately 9 p. Walker, an active and controversial figure on the American political scene since his resignation from the U. Army in , narrowly escaped death when a rifle bullet fired from outside his home passed near his head as he was seated at his desk. Although the bullet was recovered from Walker's house see app. General Walker hired two investigators to determine whether a former employee might have been involved in the shooting.
Until December 3, , the Walker shooting remained unsolved. The Commission evaluated the following evidence in considering whether Lee Harvey Oswald fired the shot which almost killed General Walker: 1 A note which Oswald left for his wife on the evening of the shooting, 2 photographs found among Oswald's possessions after the assassination of President Kennedy, 3 firearm identification of the bullet found in Walker's home, and 4 admissions and other statements made to Marina Oswald by Oswald concerning the shooting.
Note left by Oswald. Ruth Paine turned over to the police some of the Oswalds' belongings, including a Russian volume entitled "Book of Useful Advice. In translation, the note read as follows: This is the key to the mailbox which is located in the main post office in the city on Ervay Street.
This is the same street where the drugstore, in which you always waited is located. You will find the mailbox in the post office which is located 4 blocks from the drugstore on that street. I paid for the box last month so don't worry about it. Page Send the information as to what has happened to me to the Embassy and include newspaper clippings should there be anything about me in the newspapers. I believe that the Embassy will come quickly to your assistance on learning everything.
I paid the house rent on the 2d so don't worry about it. Recently I also paid for water and gas. The money from work will possibly be coming. The money will be sent to our post office box.
Go to the bank and cash the check. You can either throw out or give my clothing, etc. Do not keep these. However, I prefer that you hold on to my personal papers military, civil, etc. Certain of my documents are in the small blue valise. The address book can be found on my table in the study should need same. We have friends here. The Red Cross also will help you.
Red Cross in English. If I am alive and taken prisoner, the city jail is located at the end of the bridge through which we always passed on going to the city right in the beginning of the city after crossing the bridge. He had quit these classes at least a week before the shooting, which occurred on a Wednesday night. She thought he was attending a class or was on his own business. She testified: "When he came back I asked him what had happened. He was very pale.
I don't remember the exact time, but it was very late. And he told me not to ask him any questions. He only told me he had shot at General Walker. The last paragraph directed her to the jail and the other paragraphs instructed her on the disposal of Oswald's personal effects and the management of her affairs if he should not return.
It is clear that the note was written while the Oswalds were living in Dallas before they moved to New Orleans in the spring of Page The references to house rent and payments for water and gas indicated that the note was written when they were living in a rented apartment; therefore it could not have been written while Marina Oswald was living with the Paines.
Moreover, the reference in paragraph 3 to paying "the house rent on the 2d" would be consistent with the period when the Oswalds were living on Neely Street since the apartment was rented on March 3, Oswald had paid the first month's rent in advance on March 2, , and the second month's rent was paid on either April 2 or April 3.
Oswald had apparently mistaken the county jail for the city jail. From Neely Street the Oswalds would have traveled downtown on the Beckley bus, across the Commerce Street viaduct and into downtown Dallas through the Triple Underpass. The county jail is at the corner of Houston and Main Streets "right in the beginning of the city" after one travels through the underpass.
He showed her a notebook 3 days later containing photographs of General Walker's home and a map of the area where the house was located. Page A fourth photograph, showing a stretch of railroad tracks, was also identified by Marina Oswald as having been taken by her husband, presumably in connection with the Walker shooting. She testified that several days later Oswald recovered his rifle and brought it back to their apartment.
The oral report was negative because of the battered condition of the bullet. Frazier, an FBI ballistics identification expert, testified that he was "unable to reach a conclusion" as to whether or not the bullet recovered from Walker's house had been fired from the rifle found on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building.
He concluded that "the general rifling characteristics of the rifle Unless the missile or cartridge case can be identified as coming from a particular weapon to the exclusion of all others, the FBI refuses to draw any conclusion as to probability. It was a 6. Nicol, superintendent of the Illinois Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation, conducted an independent examination of this bullet and concluded "that there is a fair probability" that the bullet was fired from the rifle used in the assassination of President Kennedy.
This is not, I am sure, arrived at without careful consideration. However, to say that because one does not find sufficient marks for identification that it is a negative, Page I think is going overboard in the other direction. And for purposes of probative value, for whatever it might be worth, in the absence of very definite negative evidence, I think it is permissible to say that in an exhibit such as there is enough on it to say that it could have come, and even perhaps a little stronger, to say that it probably came from this, without going so far as to say to the exclusion of all other guns.
This I could not do. Additional corroborative evidence. As shown above, the note and the photographs of Walker's house and of the nearby railroad tracks provide important corroboration for her account of the incident. Other details described by Marina Oswald coincide with facts developed independently of her statements.
She testified that her husband had postponed his attempt to kill Walker until that Wednesday because he had heard that there was to be a gathering at the church next door to Walker's house on that evening. He indicated that he wanted more people in the vicinity at the time of the attempt so that his arrival and departure would not attract great attention.
Army on April 10, The finding that Lee Harvey Oswald attempted to murder a public figure in April was considered of probative value in this investigation, although the Commission's conclusion concerning the identity of the assassin was based on evidence independent of the finding that Oswald attempted to kill General Walker.
Return to Top Richard M. I saw that he took a pistol. I asked him where he was going, and why he was getting dressed. He answered 'Nixon is coming. I want to go and have a look. Marina Oswald related the events which followed: I called him into the bathroom and I closed the door and I wanted to prevent him and then I started to cry. And I told him that he shouldn't do this, and that he had promised me. We actually struggled for several minutes and then he quieted down.
Nixon to Dallas. Nixon advised the Commission that the only time he was in Dallas in was on November , Nixon during the period when Oswald's threat reportedly occurred. Nixon at that time in Dallas.
Johnson was in Dallas for a visit which had been publicized in the Dallas newspapers throughout April.
She stated, "there is no question that in this incident it was a question of Mr. Johnson, she said, "Yes, no. I am getting a little confused with so many questions. I was absolutely convinced it was Nixon and now after all these questions I wonder if I am right in my mind?
Johnson was the then Vice President and his visit took place on April 23d. Perhaps 3 days before. She said, It might have been that he was just. He was the kind of person who could try and wound somebody in that way.
Possibly he didn't want to go out at all but was just doing this all as a sort of joke, not really as a joke but rather to simply wound me, to make me feel bad. The Commission evaluated 1 the nature of the shots, 2 Oswald's Marine training in marksmanship, 3 his experience and practice after leaving the Marine Corps, and 4 the accuracy of the weapon and the quality of the ammunition.
Return to Top The Nature of the Shots For a rifleman situated on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building the shots were at a slow-moving target proceeding on a downgrade in virtually a straight line with the alinement of the assassin's rifle, at a range of to feet.
Eugene D. Anderson, assistant head of the Marksmanship Branch of Page the U. Marine Corps, testified that the shots which struck the President in the neck and in the head were "not Frazier, FBI expert in firearms identification and training, said: From my own experience in shooting over the years, when you shoot at feet or feet, which is less than yards, with a telescopic sight, you should not have any difficulty in hitting your target. Army Infantry Weapons Evaluation Branch of the Ballistics Research Laboratory, said: "Well, in order to achieve three hits, it would not be required that a man be an exceptional shot.
A proficient man with this weapon, yes. James A. Using the scope, rapidly working a bolt and using the scope to relocate your target quickly and at the same time when you locate that target you identify it and the crosshairs are in close relationship to the point you want to shoot at, it just takes a minor move in aiming to bring the crosshairs to bear, and then it is a quick squeeze. It just is an aid in seeing in the fact that you only have the one element, the crosshair, in relation to the target as opposed to iron sights with aligning the sights and then aligning them on the target.
Folsom, Jr. Marine Corps, evaluated the sharpshooter qualification as a "fairly good shot. He had the services of an experienced highly trained coach. He had high motivation. He had presumably a good to excellent rifle and good ammunition. We have nothing here to show under what conditions the B course was fired. It might well have been a bad day for firing the rifle--windy, rainy, dark.
There is little probability that he had a good, expert coach, and he probably didn't have as high a motivation because he was no longer in recruit training and under the care of the drill instructor.
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