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There are several options that can be used for user authentication. The most common ones are passwords and public key authentication. The public key authentication method is primarily used for automation and sometimes by system administrators for single sign-on. It has turned out to be much more widely used than we ever anticipated. The idea is to have a cryptographic key pair - public key and private key - and configure the public key on a server to authorize access and grant anyone who has a copy of the private key access to the server.
The keys used for authentication are called SSH keys. The main use of key-based authentication is to enable secure automation. We have found that large organizations have way more SSH keys than they imagine, and managing SSH keys has become very important.
SSH keys grant access as user names and passwords do. There are a few different methods that can be used for authentication, based on what the server accepts. The simplest is probably password authentication, in which the server simply prompts the client for the password of the account they are attempting to login with. The password is sent through the negotiated encryption, so it is secure from outside parties.
Even though the password will be encrypted, this method is not generally recommended due to the limitations on the complexity of the password. Automated scripts can break passwords of normal lengths very easily compared to other authentication methods.
The most popular and recommended alternative is the use of SSH key pairs. SSH key pairs are asymmetric keys, meaning that the two associated keys serve different functions. The public key is used to encrypt data that can only be decrypted with the private key. The public key can be freely shared, because, although it can encrypt for the private key, there is no method of deriving the private key from the public key.
Authentication using SSH key pairs begins after the symmetric encryption has been established as described in the last section. The procedure happens like this:. As you can see, the asymmetry of the keys allows the server to encrypt messages to the client using the public key.
The client can then prove that it holds the private key by decrypting the message correctly. The two types of encryption that are used symmetric shared secret, and asymmetric public-private keys are each able to leverage their specific strengths in this model.
Learning about the connection negotiation steps and the layers of encryption at work in SSH can help you better understand what is happening when you login to a remote server. Hopefully, you now have a better idea of relationship between various components and algorithms, and understand how all of these pieces fit together. Where would you like to share this to? Twitter Reddit Hacker News Facebook. Share link Tutorial share link. Sign Up. DigitalOcean home. Community Control Panel.
Hacktoberfest Contribute to Open Source. By Justin Ellingwood Published on October 22, Introduction SSH, or secure shell, is a secure protocol and the most common way of safely administering remote servers. Symmetric Encryption, Asymmetric Encryption, and Hashes In order to secure the transmission of information, SSH employs a number of different types of data manipulation techniques at various points in the transaction. Symmetrical Encryption The relationship of the components that encrypt and decrypt data determine whether an encryption scheme is symmetrical or asymmetrical.
Asymmetrical Encryption Asymmetrical encryption is different from symmetrical encryption in that to send data in a single direction, two associated keys are needed. Hashing Another form of data manipulation that SSH takes advantage of is cryptographic hashing.
Negotiating Encryption for the Session When a TCP connection is made by a client, the server responds with the protocol versions it supports. The basis of this procedure for classic Diffie-Hellman is: Both parties agree on a large prime number, which will serve as a seed value.
Both parties agree on an encryption generator typically AES , which will be used to manipulate the values in a predefined way. Independently, each party comes up with another prime number which is kept secret from the other party.
This number is used as the private key for this interaction different than the private SSH key used for authentication.
The generated private key, the encryption generator, and the shared prime number are used to generate a public key that is derived from the private key, but which can be shared with the other party. Both participants then exchange their generated public keys. Although this is independently computed by each party, using opposite private and public keys, it will result in the same shared secret key. The shared secret is then used to encrypt all communication that follows.
After the session encryption is established, the user authentication stage begins. The procedure happens like this: The client begins by sending an ID for the key pair it would like to authenticate with to the server. If a public key with matching ID is found in the file, the server generates a random number and uses the public key to encrypt the number.
The server sends the client this encrypted message. If the client actually has the associated private key, it will be able to decrypt the message using that key, revealing the original number. The client combines the decrypted number with the shared session key that is being used to encrypt the communication, and calculates the MD5 hash of this value.
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